Anatomical specimens are realistic whole or partial human structures that have undergone a series of chemical treatments and are used in teaching and research in human anatomy. Generally speaking, anatomical models are casts made to imitate the shape of a real object or a designed structure; their sizes can be categorized as scaled-down, full-size, and enlarged. Some models are even identical to the real object in detail, while others only imitate the main features.

Anatomical specimens use real biological materials (such as human or animal tissues) and undergo complex processes such as preservation and shaping. They retain the original morphology and details of the organism (such as organ texture and blood vessel distribution), offering high realism and making them suitable for research and clinical teaching. However, anatomical specimens require complex processing (such as preservation, bleaching, and vacuum impregnation), resulting in long production cycles and high costs. Anatomical specimens are used for morphological and structural observation and clinical localization (such as nerve pathways and organ proximity relationships). They are suitable for scenarios requiring high realism (such as surgical training and pathological analysis). However, anatomical specimens require formalin preservation and are susceptible to environmental factors.

Anatomical models are mass-produced using artificial materials (such as plastic, silicone, PVC, etc.) and molds. They may simplify or enlarge specific structures (such as the mechanism of heart valves), emphasizing functional demonstration rather than complete realism. Anatomical models can be standardized in production, supporting modular design (such as detachable organ components) for easy reuse. They are durable, easy to clean, and some incorporate digital technologies (such as virtual reality), allowing for repeated disassembly and reassembly, reducing operational risks and making them suitable for basic teaching.

Anatomy specimens prioritize realism and are suitable for in-depth research; anatomical models prioritize functionality and safety, focusing on teaching demonstrations.